@article{PastekaSchoellbauerSantosdaCostaetal.,
  author    = {Pasteka, Richard and Sch{\"o}llbauer, Lara Alina and Santos da Costa, Joao Pedro and Kolar, Radim and Forjan, Mathias},
  title     = {Experimental Evaluation of Dry Powder Inhalers During In- and Exhalation Using a Model of the Human Respiratory System (xPULM™)},
  series = {Pharmaceutics},
  volume    = {2022},
  journal   = {Pharmaceutics},
  number    = {14/3},
  pages     = {15},
  abstract  = {Dry powder inhalers are used by a large number of patients worldwide to treat respiratory diseases. The objective of this work is to experimentally investigate changes in aerosol particle diameter and particle number concentration of pharmaceutical aerosols generated by four dry powder inhalers under realistic inhalation and exhalation conditions. To simulate patients undergoing inhalation therapy, the active respiratory system model (xPULM™) was used. A mechanical upper airway model was developed, manufactured, and introduced as a part of the xPULM™ to represent the human upper respiratory tract with high fidelity. Integration of optical aerosol spectrometry technique into the setup allowed for evaluation of pharmaceutical aerosols. The results show that there is a significant difference (p < 0.05) in mean particle diameter between inhaled and exhaled particles with the majority of the particles depositing in the lung, while particles with the size of (>0.5 μm) are least influenced by deposition mechanisms. The fraction of exhaled particles ranges from 2.13\% (HandiHaler®) over 2.94\% (BreezHaler®), and 6.22\% (Turbohaler®) to 10.24\% (Ellipta®). These values are comparable to previously published studies. Furthermore, the mechanical upper airway model increases the resistance of the overall system and acts as a filter for larger particles (>3 μm). In conclusion, the xPULM™ active respiratory system model is a viable option for studying interactions of pharmaceutical aerosols and the respiratory tract regarding applicable deposition mechanisms. The model strives to support the reduction of animal experimentation in aerosol research and provides an alternative to experiments with human subjects.},
  subject      = {Biomedical Engineering},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{PastekaForjanSauermannetal.,
  author    = {Pasteka, Richard and Forjan, Mathias and Sauermann, Stefan and Drauschke, Andreas},
  title     = {Electro-mechanical Lung Simulator Using Polymer and Organic Human Lung Equivalents for Realistic Breathing Simulation},
  series = {Scientific Reports},
  volume    = {Vol 9},
  journal   = {Scientific Reports},
  number    = {No. 1},
  pages     = {Article number: 19778},
  abstract  = {Simulation models in respiratory research are increasingly used for medical product development and testing, especially because in-vivo models are coupled with a high degree of complexity and ethical concerns. This work introduces a respiratory simulation system, which is bridging the gap between the complex, real anatomical environment and the safe, cost-effective simulation methods. The presented electro-mechanical lung simulator, xPULM, combines in-silico, ex-vivo and mechanical respiratory approaches by realistically replicating an actively breathing human lung. The reproducibility of sinusoidal breathing simulations with xPULM was verified for selected breathing frequencies (10-18 bpm) and tidal volumes (400-600 ml) physiologically occurring during human breathing at rest. Human lung anatomy was modelled using latex bags and primed porcine lungs. High reproducibility of flow and pressure characteristics was shown by evaluating breathing cycles (nTotal = 3273) with highest standard deviation |3σ| for both, simplified lung equivalents (μV˙ = 23.98 ± 1.04 l/min, μP = -0.78 ± 0.63 hPa) and primed porcine lungs (μV˙ = 18.87 ± 2.49 l/min, μP = -21.13 ± 1.47 hPa). The adaptability of the breathing simulation parameters, coupled with the use of porcine lungs salvaged from a slaughterhouse process, represents an advancement towards anatomically and physiologically realistic modelling of human respiration.},
  subject      = {Breathing Simulation},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{PastekaForjanDrauschke,
  author    = {Pasteka, Richard and Forjan, Mathias and Drauschke, Andreas},
  title     = {Comparison of Mathematical and Controlled Mechanical Lung Simulation in Active Breathing and Ventilated State},
  subject      = {Breathing Simulation},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{HerzogPohnForjanetal.,
  author    = {Herzog, Juliane and Pohn, Birgit and Forjan, Mathias and Sauermann, Stefan and Urbauer, Philipp},
  title     = {Education for eHealth - A Status Analysis},
  subject      = {eHealth},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{PastekaSantosdaCostaForjan,
  author    = {Pasteka, Richard and Santos da Costa, Joao Pedro and Forjan, Mathias},
  title     = {Characteristic Waveforms for Testing of Medical Aerosol Inhalers},
  series = {8th European Medical and Biological Engineering Conference},
  booktitle = {8th European Medical and Biological Engineering Conference},
  publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
  pages     = {240 -- 246},
  abstract  = {Respiratory diseases are characterised by high prevalence among the European population. Medical aerosol inhalers are the most commonly used means of drug delivery into the human respiratory system. This paper focuses on characteristic waveforms that can be utilised during aerosol deposition studies to simulate conditions of rapid human inhalation. Additionally, an inhalatory waveform based on clinically recorded spirometry data is introduced. Experimental measurements are performed and simulation results mutually compared using the electro-mechanical lung simulator xPULM. The inhalatory waveforms are repeatably simulated with high fidelity in regards to the waveform shape with the lowest value of the Goodness of fit 0.89. Additionally, the measured values for all characteristic inhalatory parameters are simulated with low standard deviation < 1. The differences between the required and measured waveform shapes are small, < 3 L/min and do not influence the overall inhalatory volume. This opens a possibility of utilising the xPULM for medical aerosol inhalers testing.},
  subject      = {Breathing Simulation},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{PastekaForjan,
  author    = {Pasteka, Richard and Forjan, Mathias},
  title     = {Changes of particle deposition caused by different breathing patterns during active lung simulation},
  series = {41st Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)},
  booktitle = {41st Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)},
  abstract  = {Aerosols are an integral part of everyday life and as such are inhaled under various conditions and circumstances. These may vary based on the health and activity status of an individual. The aim of this work is to analyse the particle deposition mechanisms during the simulation of three different breathing patterns using an aerosol representing the PM1 fraction of fine particles. The active electro-mechanical lung simulator xPULM is utilized as a driving force and is combined with a non-invasive direct reading optical aerosol measurement system. Results show differences between the number of deposited particles for the three breathing patterns and for the three typical size ranges of airborne particles. Overall, the presented approach demonstrates the possibility of determining the changes of aerosol uptake based on different breathing patterns using the electro-mechanical lung simulator and laboratory produced aerosols. Further measurement cycles must be performed in order to validate the found interactions and to characterize the major influencing parameters.},
  subject      = {Biomedical Engineering, Breathing simulation},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{RiessDavidSchereretal.,
  author    = {Riess, Bernhard and David, Veronika and Scherer, Matthias and Kotzian, Stefan and Forjan, Mathias},
  title     = {Development and Usability Test of an Innovative Low-Cost Rehabilitation Game for the Upper Extremities of Neurological Patients},
  series = {Journal of Functional Neurology, Rehabilitation, and Ergonomics},
  volume    = {7},
  journal   = {Journal of Functional Neurology, Rehabilitation, and Ergonomics},
  number    = {4},
  pages     = {34 -- 39},
  subject      = {Neurology},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{SalomonSchererDavidetal.,
  author    = {Salomon, Cornelia and Scherer, Matthias and David, Veronika and Kotzian, Stefan and Forjan, Mathias},
  title     = {Simulation Development of a Virtual Shopping Scenario via HTC VIVE for Neuropsychological Rehabilitation},
  subject      = {Neurology},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{DavidJagosKotzianetal.,
  author    = {David, Veronika and Jagos, Harald and Kotzian, Stefan and Forjan, Mathias and Sabo, Anton},
  title     = {Instrumentation of Timed-up-and-Go Test for Stroke Patients using Multisensor Insoles},
  subject      = {Stroke Patients},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{RiessDavidSchereretal.,
  author    = {Riess, Bernhard and David, Veronika and Scherer, Matthias and Kotzian, Stefan and Forjan, Mathias},
  title     = {Development and Usability Test of an Innovative Low-Cost Rehabilitation Game for the Upper Extremities of Neurological Patients},
  subject      = {Neurology},
  language  = {en}
}