@article{PastekaSantosdaCostaBarrosetal.,
  author    = {Pasteka, Richard and Santos da Costa, Joao Pedro and Barros, Nelson and Kolar, Radim and Forjan, Mathias},
  title     = {Patient-Ventilator Interaction Testing Using the Electromechanical Lung Simulator xPULMTM during V/A-C and PSV Ventilation Mode},
  series = {Applied Sciences},
  volume    = {11},
  journal   = {Applied Sciences},
  number    = {9},
  abstract  = {During mechanical ventilation, a disparity between flow, pressure and volume demands of the patient and the assistance delivered by the mechanical ventilator often occurs. This paper introduces an alternative approach of simulating and evaluating patient-ventilator interactions with high fidelity using the electromechanical lung simulator xPULM™. The xPULM™ approximates respiratory activities of a patient during alternating phases of spontaneous breathing and apnea intervals while connected to a mechanical ventilator. Focusing on different triggering events, volume assist-control (V/A-C) and pressure support ventilation (PSV) modes were chosen to test patient-ventilator interactions. In V/A-C mode, a double-triggering was detected every third breathing cycle, leading to an asynchrony index of 16.67\%, which is classified as severe. This asynchrony causes a significant increase of peak inspiratory pressure (7.96 ± 6.38 vs. 11.09 ± 0.49 cmH2O, p < 0.01)) and peak expiratory flow (-25.57 ± 8.93 vs. 32.90 ± 0.54 L/min, p < 0.01) when compared to synchronous phases of the breathing simulation. Additionally, events of premature cycling were observed during PSV mode. In this mode, the peak delivered volume during simulated spontaneous breathing phases increased significantly (917.09 ± 45.74 vs. 468.40 ± 31.79 mL, p < 0.01) compared to apnea phases. Various dynamic clinical situations can be approximated using this approach and thereby could help to identify undesired patient-ventilation interactions in the future. Rapidly manufactured ventilator systems could also be tested using this approach. View Full-Text},
  subject      = {Breathing Simulation},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{MenseForjanHerzogetal.,
  author    = {Mense, Alexander and Forjan, Mathias and Herzog, Juliane and Urbauer, Philipp and Sauermann, Stefan},
  title     = {Setting up a Virtual Test Environment for User Group Specific Practical Exercises in eHealth eLearning Courses},
  series = {Current Developments in Web-Based Learning. Proceedings of the ICWL 2015},
  booktitle = {Current Developments in Web-Based Learning. Proceedings of the ICWL 2015},
  subject      = {eHealth},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{UrbauerSauermannFrohneretal.,
  author    = {Urbauer, Philipp and Sauermann, Stefan and Frohner, Matthias and Forjan, Mathias and Pohn, Birgit and Mense, Alexander},
  title     = {Applicability of IHE/Continua components for PHR systems: Learning from experiences},
  series = {Computers in biology and medicine},
  journal   = {Computers in biology and medicine},
  subject      = {PHR},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{FrohnerWindischSauermannetal.,
  author    = {Frohner, Matthias and Windisch, Michael and Sauermann, Stefan and Sekora, Jiri and Forjan, Mathias},
  title     = {Organ Telemonitoring in Ex-vivo Nutrition Circulation of Porcine Lungs Using Interoperability Standards},
  series = {Proceedings of the 12th IFAC/IEEE International Conference on Programmable Devices and Embedded Systems (PDeS 2013)},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 12th IFAC/IEEE International Conference on Programmable Devices and Embedded Systems (PDeS 2013)},
  pages     = {335 -- 340},
  subject      = {Telemonitoring},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{LenzFrohnerSauermannetal.,
  author    = {Lenz, Gregor and Frohner, Matthias and Sauermann, Stefan and Forjan, Mathias},
  title     = {LUMOR: An App for Standardized Control and Monitoring of a Porcine Lung and its Nutrient Cycle},
  series = {Proceedings of eHealth 2014 - Health Informatics Meets Informatics},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of eHealth 2014 - Health Informatics Meets Informatics},
  subject      = {Lung Simulator},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{ForjanFrohner,
  author    = {Forjan, Mathias and Frohner, Matthias},
  title     = {Development of the mCM - mobile circulatory module - for ex-vivo physiological tissue for breathing simulation},
  series = {Abstracts of the 9th World Congress on Alternatives and Animal Use in the Life Sciences (ALTEX Proceedings) 2014},
  booktitle = {Abstracts of the 9th World Congress on Alternatives and Animal Use in the Life Sciences (ALTEX Proceedings) 2014},
  pages     = {52 -- 52},
  subject      = {Lung Simulator},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{LenzFrohnerSauermannetal.,
  author    = {Lenz, Gregor and Frohner, Matthias and Sauermann, Stefan and Forjan, Mathias},
  title     = {LUMOR: An App for Standardized Control and Monitoring of a Porcine Lung and its Nutrient Cycle},
  subject      = {Lung Simulator},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{UrbauerHerzogPohnetal.,
  author    = {Urbauer, Philipp and Herzog, Juliane and Pohn, Birgit and Forjan, Mathias and Sauermann, Stefan},
  title     = {Certification Programs for eHealth - Status Quo},
  series = {Proceedings of eHealth 2014 - Health Informatics Meets Informatics},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of eHealth 2014 - Health Informatics Meets Informatics},
  subject      = {eHealth},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{ForjanFrohner,
  author    = {Forjan, Mathias and Frohner, Matthias},
  title     = {Development of the mCM - mobile circulatory module - for ex-vivo physiological tissue for breathing simulation},
  subject      = {Lung Simulator},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{PastekaForjan,
  author    = {Pasteka, Richard and Forjan, Mathias},
  title     = {Evaluation of an Active Lung Simulator for Aerosol Inhalation Test Replacement},
  subject      = {Lung Simulator},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{SauermannForjanFrohner,
  author    = {Sauermann, Stefan and Forjan, Mathias and Frohner, Matthias},
  title     = {Integrating medical devices in hospitals and at home: Challenges \& potentials},
  subject      = {Electronic Health Records},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{DavidForjanMartineketal.,
  author    = {David, Veronika and Forjan, Mathias and Martinek, Johannes and Kotzian, Stefan and Jagos, Harald and Rafolt, Dietmar},
  title     = {Evaluation of Wearable Multimodal Sensor Insoles for Motion-pattern Measurements in Stroke Rehabilitation - a Pilot Study},
  series = {IEEE-RAS-EMBS International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics (ICORR 2017)},
  booktitle = {IEEE-RAS-EMBS International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics (ICORR 2017)},
  subject      = {Stroke Patients},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{HerzogForjanSauermannetal.,
  author    = {Herzog, Juliane and Forjan, Mathias and Sauermann, Stefan and Mense, Alexander and Urbauer, Philipp},
  title     = {Development of a Virtual Lab for Practical eLearning in eHealth},
  subject      = {Virtual Lab},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{UrbauerFrohnerForjanetal.,
  author    = {Urbauer, Philipp and Frohner, Matthias and Forjan, Mathias and Pohn, Birgit and Sauermann, Stefan and Mense, Alexander},
  title     = {A Closer Look on Standards Based Personal Health Device Communication: A R{\´e}sum{\´e} over Four Years Implementing Telemonitoring Solutions},
  subject      = {eHealth},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{HerzogPohnForjanetal.,
  author    = {Herzog, Juliane and Pohn, Birgit and Forjan, Mathias and Sauermann, Stefan and Urbauer, Philipp},
  title     = {Education for eHealth - A Status Analysis},
  series = {Proceedings of eHealth 2014 - Health Informatics Meets Informatics},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of eHealth 2014 - Health Informatics Meets Informatics},
  subject      = {eHealth},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{PastekaForjan,
  author    = {Pasteka, Richard and Forjan, Mathias},
  title     = {Actively breathing mechanical lung simulator development and preliminary measurements},
  series = {IFMBE,volume 65; EMBEC \& NBC 2017},
  booktitle = {IFMBE,volume 65; EMBEC \& NBC 2017},
  subject      = {Biomedical Engineering},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{PastekaForjanDrauschke,
  author    = {Pasteka, Richard and Forjan, Mathias and Drauschke, Andreas},
  title     = {Comparison of Mathematical and Controlled Mechanical Lung Simulation in Active Breathing and Ventilated State},
  series = {Proceedings of the 15th IFAC Conference on Programmable Devices and Embedded Systems PDeS 2018},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 15th IFAC Conference on Programmable Devices and Embedded Systems PDeS 2018},
  subject      = {Breathing Simulation},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{SteinerForjanKoppetal.,
  author    = {Steiner, Theresa and Forjan, Mathias and Kopp, Tamara and Bures, Zbyn{\^e}k and Drauschke, Andreas},
  title     = {Enhancements of a mechanical lung simulator for ex vivo measuring of aerosol deposition in lungs},
  series = {Proceedings of the 46th annual conference of the German Society for Biomedical Engineering},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 46th annual conference of the German Society for Biomedical Engineering},
  pages     = {838 -- 841},
  subject      = {Lung Simulator},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{PastekaSchoellbauerSantosdaCostaetal.,
  author    = {Pasteka, Richard and Sch{\"o}llbauer, Lara Alina and Santos da Costa, Joao Pedro and Kolar, Radim and Forjan, Mathias},
  title     = {Experimental Evaluation of Dry Powder Inhalers During In- and Exhalation Using a Model of the Human Respiratory System (xPULM™)},
  series = {Pharmaceutics},
  volume    = {2022},
  journal   = {Pharmaceutics},
  number    = {14/3},
  pages     = {15},
  abstract  = {Dry powder inhalers are used by a large number of patients worldwide to treat respiratory diseases. The objective of this work is to experimentally investigate changes in aerosol particle diameter and particle number concentration of pharmaceutical aerosols generated by four dry powder inhalers under realistic inhalation and exhalation conditions. To simulate patients undergoing inhalation therapy, the active respiratory system model (xPULM™) was used. A mechanical upper airway model was developed, manufactured, and introduced as a part of the xPULM™ to represent the human upper respiratory tract with high fidelity. Integration of optical aerosol spectrometry technique into the setup allowed for evaluation of pharmaceutical aerosols. The results show that there is a significant difference (p < 0.05) in mean particle diameter between inhaled and exhaled particles with the majority of the particles depositing in the lung, while particles with the size of (>0.5 μm) are least influenced by deposition mechanisms. The fraction of exhaled particles ranges from 2.13\% (HandiHaler®) over 2.94\% (BreezHaler®), and 6.22\% (Turbohaler®) to 10.24\% (Ellipta®). These values are comparable to previously published studies. Furthermore, the mechanical upper airway model increases the resistance of the overall system and acts as a filter for larger particles (>3 μm). In conclusion, the xPULM™ active respiratory system model is a viable option for studying interactions of pharmaceutical aerosols and the respiratory tract regarding applicable deposition mechanisms. The model strives to support the reduction of animal experimentation in aerosol research and provides an alternative to experiments with human subjects.},
  subject      = {Biomedical Engineering},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{PastekaForjanSauermannetal.,
  author    = {Pasteka, Richard and Forjan, Mathias and Sauermann, Stefan and Drauschke, Andreas},
  title     = {Electro-mechanical Lung Simulator Using Polymer and Organic Human Lung Equivalents for Realistic Breathing Simulation},
  series = {Scientific Reports},
  volume    = {Vol 9},
  journal   = {Scientific Reports},
  number    = {No. 1},
  pages     = {Article number: 19778},
  abstract  = {Simulation models in respiratory research are increasingly used for medical product development and testing, especially because in-vivo models are coupled with a high degree of complexity and ethical concerns. This work introduces a respiratory simulation system, which is bridging the gap between the complex, real anatomical environment and the safe, cost-effective simulation methods. The presented electro-mechanical lung simulator, xPULM, combines in-silico, ex-vivo and mechanical respiratory approaches by realistically replicating an actively breathing human lung. The reproducibility of sinusoidal breathing simulations with xPULM was verified for selected breathing frequencies (10-18 bpm) and tidal volumes (400-600 ml) physiologically occurring during human breathing at rest. Human lung anatomy was modelled using latex bags and primed porcine lungs. High reproducibility of flow and pressure characteristics was shown by evaluating breathing cycles (nTotal = 3273) with highest standard deviation |3σ| for both, simplified lung equivalents (μV˙ = 23.98 ± 1.04 l/min, μP = -0.78 ± 0.63 hPa) and primed porcine lungs (μV˙ = 18.87 ± 2.49 l/min, μP = -21.13 ± 1.47 hPa). The adaptability of the breathing simulation parameters, coupled with the use of porcine lungs salvaged from a slaughterhouse process, represents an advancement towards anatomically and physiologically realistic modelling of human respiration.},
  subject      = {Breathing Simulation},
  language  = {en}
}