@article{MunschGruarinNateqietal.,
  author    = {Munsch, Nicolas and Gruarin, Stefanie and Nateqi, Jama and Lutz, Thomas and Binder, Michael and Aberle, Judith H. and Martin, Alistair and Knapp, Bernhard},
  title     = {Symptoms associated with a COVID-19 infection among a non-hospitalized cohort in Vienna},
  series = {Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift / The Central European Journal of Medicine},
  volume    = {2022},
  journal   = {Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift / The Central European Journal of Medicine},
  number    = {134 (9-10)},
  publisher = {Springer},
  pages     = {344 -- 350},
  abstract  = {Background: Most clinical studies report the symptoms experienced by those infected with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) via patients already hospitalized. Here we analyzed the symptoms experienced outside of a hospital setting. Methods: The Vienna Social Fund (FSW; Vienna, Austria), the Public Health Services of the City of Vienna (MA15) and the private company Symptoma collaborated to implement Vienna's official online COVID-19 symptom checker. Users answered 12 yes/no questions about symptoms to assess their risk for COVID-19. They could also specify their age and sex, and whether they had contact with someone who tested positive for COVID-19. Depending on the assessed risk of COVID-19 positivity, a SARS-CoV‑2 nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) was performed. In this publication, we analyzed which factors (symptoms, sex or age) are associated with COVID-19 positivity. We also trained a classifier to correctly predict COVID-19 positivity from the collected data. Results: Between 2 November 2020 and 18 November 2021, 9133 people experiencing COVID-19-like symptoms were assessed as high risk by the chatbot and were subsequently tested by a NAAT. Symptoms significantly associated with a positive COVID-19 test were malaise, fatigue, headache, cough, fever, dysgeusia and hyposmia. Our classifier could successfully predict COVID-19 positivity with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.74. Conclusion: This study provides reliable COVID-19 symptom statistics based on the general population verified by NAATs. Keywords: Chatbot; Machine learning; Self-reported; Symptom assessment; Symptom checker.},
  subject      = {COVID-19},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MunschMartinGruarinetal.,
  author    = {Munsch, Nicolas and Martin, Alistair and Gruarin, Stefanie and Nateqi, Jama and Abdarahmane, Isselmou and Weingartner-Ortner, Rafael and Knapp, Bernhard},
  title     = {Authors' Reply to: Screening Tools: Their Intended Audiences and Purposes. Comment on "Diagnostic Accuracy of Web-Based COVID-19 Symptom Checkers: Comparison Study"},
  series = {Journal of Medical Internet Research},
  journal   = {Journal of Medical Internet Research},
  number    = {Vol 23, No 5 (2021)},
  subject      = {COVID-19},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MarcKnappNateqietal.,
  author    = {Marc, Zobel and Knapp, Bernhard and Nateqi, Jama and Martin, Alistair},
  title     = {Correlating global trends in COVID-19 cases with online symptom checker self-assessments},
  series = {PLOS ONE},
  volume    = {18},
  journal   = {PLOS ONE},
  number    = {2},
  doi       = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0281709},
  pages     = {10},
  abstract  = {Background Online symptom checkers are digital health solutions that provide a differential diagnosis based on a user's symptoms. During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, symptom checkers have become increasingly important due to physical distance constraints and reduced access to in-person medical consultations. Furthermore, various symptom checkers specialised in the assessment of COVID-19 infection have been produced. Objectives Assess the correlation between COVID-19 risk assessments from an online symptom checker and current trends in COVID-19 infections. Analyse whether those correlations are reflective of various country-wise quality of life measures. Lastly, determine whether the trends found in symptom checker assessments predict or lag relative to those of the COVID-19 infections. Materials and methods In this study, we compile the outcomes of COVID-19 risk assessments provided by the symptom checker Symptoma (www.symptoma.com) in 18 countries with suitably large user bases. We analyse this dataset's spatial and temporal features compared to the number of newly confirmed COVID-19 cases published by the respective countries. Results We find an average correlation of 0.342 between the number of Symptoma users assessed to have a high risk of a COVID-19 infection and the official COVID-19 infection numbers. Further, we show a significant relationship between that correlation and the self-reported health of a country. Lastly, we find that the symptom checker is, on average, ahead (median +3 days) of the official infection numbers for most countries. Conclusion We show that online symptom checkers can capture the national-level trends in coronavirus infections. As such, they provide a valuable and unique information source in policymaking against pandemics, unrestricted by conventional resources.},
  subject      = {Online symptom checkers},
  language  = {en}
}