TY - JOUR A1 - Pasteka, Richard A1 - Santos da Costa, Joao Pedro A1 - Barros, Nelson A1 - Kolar, Radim A1 - Forjan, Mathias T1 - Patient–Ventilator Interaction Testing Using the Electromechanical Lung Simulator xPULMTM during V/A-C and PSV Ventilation Mode JF - Applied Sciences N2 - During mechanical ventilation, a disparity between flow, pressure and volume demands of the patient and the assistance delivered by the mechanical ventilator often occurs. This paper introduces an alternative approach of simulating and evaluating patient–ventilator interactions with high fidelity using the electromechanical lung simulator xPULM™. The xPULM™ approximates respiratory activities of a patient during alternating phases of spontaneous breathing and apnea intervals while connected to a mechanical ventilator. Focusing on different triggering events, volume assist-control (V/A-C) and pressure support ventilation (PSV) modes were chosen to test patient–ventilator interactions. In V/A-C mode, a double-triggering was detected every third breathing cycle, leading to an asynchrony index of 16.67%, which is classified as severe. This asynchrony causes a significant increase of peak inspiratory pressure (7.96 ± 6.38 vs. 11.09 ± 0.49 cmH2O, p < 0.01)) and peak expiratory flow (−25.57 ± 8.93 vs. 32.90 ± 0.54 L/min, p < 0.01) when compared to synchronous phases of the breathing simulation. Additionally, events of premature cycling were observed during PSV mode. In this mode, the peak delivered volume during simulated spontaneous breathing phases increased significantly (917.09 ± 45.74 vs. 468.40 ± 31.79 mL, p < 0.01) compared to apnea phases. Various dynamic clinical situations can be approximated using this approach and thereby could help to identify undesired patient–ventilation interactions in the future. Rapidly manufactured ventilator systems could also be tested using this approach. View Full-Text KW - Breathing Simulation KW - Biomedical Engineering KW - Electromechanical lung simulator Y1 - VL - 11 IS - 9 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Mense, Alexander A1 - Forjan, Mathias A1 - Herzog, Juliane A1 - Urbauer, Philipp A1 - Sauermann, Stefan T1 - Setting up a Virtual Test Environment for User Group Specific Practical Exercises in eHealth eLearning Courses T2 - Current Developments in Web-Based Learning. Proceedings of the ICWL 2015 KW - eHealth KW - eLearning KW - Education Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Urbauer, Philipp A1 - Sauermann, Stefan A1 - Frohner, Matthias A1 - Forjan, Mathias A1 - Pohn, Birgit A1 - Mense, Alexander T1 - Applicability of IHE/Continua components for PHR systems: Learning from experiences JF - Computers in biology and medicine KW - PHR Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Frohner, Matthias A1 - Windisch, Michael A1 - Sauermann, Stefan A1 - Sekora, Jiri A1 - Forjan, Mathias T1 - Organ Telemonitoring in Ex-vivo Nutrition Circulation of Porcine Lungs Using Interoperability Standards T2 - Proceedings of the 12th IFAC/IEEE International Conference on Programmable Devices and Embedded Systems (PDeS 2013) KW - Telemonitoring KW - Lung Simulator KW - Interoperability Y1 - 2018 SP - 335 EP - 340 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Lenz, Gregor A1 - Frohner, Matthias A1 - Sauermann, Stefan A1 - Forjan, Mathias T1 - LUMOR: An App for Standardized Control and Monitoring of a Porcine Lung and its Nutrient Cycle T2 - Proceedings of eHealth 2014 - Health Informatics Meets Informatics KW - Lung Simulator Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Forjan, Mathias A1 - Frohner, Matthias T1 - Development of the mCM - mobile circulatory module - for ex-vivo physiological tissue for breathing simulation T2 - Abstracts of the 9th World Congress on Alternatives and Animal Use in the Life Sciences (ALTEX Proceedings) 2014 KW - Lung Simulator KW - Breathing Y1 - 2018 SP - 52 EP - 52 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Lenz, Gregor A1 - Frohner, Matthias A1 - Sauermann, Stefan A1 - Forjan, Mathias T1 - LUMOR: An App for Standardized Control and Monitoring of a Porcine Lung and its Nutrient Cycle KW - Lung Simulator Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Urbauer, Philipp A1 - Herzog, Juliane A1 - Pohn, Birgit A1 - Forjan, Mathias A1 - Sauermann, Stefan T1 - Certification Programs for eHealth - Status Quo T2 - Proceedings of eHealth 2014 - Health Informatics Meets Informatics KW - eHealth KW - Education Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Forjan, Mathias A1 - Frohner, Matthias T1 - Development of the mCM - mobile circulatory module - for ex-vivo physiological tissue for breathing simulation KW - Lung Simulator KW - Breathing Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Pasteka, Richard A1 - Forjan, Mathias T1 - Evaluation of an Active Lung Simulator for Aerosol Inhalation Test Replacement KW - Lung Simulator Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Sauermann, Stefan A1 - Forjan, Mathias A1 - Frohner, Matthias T1 - Integrating medical devices in hospitals and at home: Challenges & potentials KW - Electronic Health Records Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - David, Veronika A1 - Forjan, Mathias A1 - Martinek, Johannes A1 - Kotzian, Stefan A1 - Jagos, Harald A1 - Rafolt, Dietmar T1 - Evaluation of Wearable Multimodal Sensor Insoles for Motion-pattern Measurements in Stroke Rehabilitation – a Pilot Study T2 - IEEE-RAS-EMBS International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics (ICORR 2017) KW - Stroke Patients KW - Rehabilitation Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Herzog, Juliane A1 - Forjan, Mathias A1 - Sauermann, Stefan A1 - Mense, Alexander A1 - Urbauer, Philipp T1 - Development of a Virtual Lab for Practical eLearning in eHealth KW - Virtual Lab KW - Education KW - eLearning KW - eHealth Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Urbauer, Philipp A1 - Frohner, Matthias A1 - Forjan, Mathias A1 - Pohn, Birgit A1 - Sauermann, Stefan A1 - Mense, Alexander T1 - A Closer Look on Standards Based Personal Health Device Communication: A Résumé over Four Years Implementing Telemonitoring Solutions KW - eHealth KW - Telemonitoring Y1 - 2019 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Herzog, Juliane A1 - Pohn, Birgit A1 - Forjan, Mathias A1 - Sauermann, Stefan A1 - Urbauer, Philipp T1 - Education for eHealth - A Status Analysis T2 - Proceedings of eHealth 2014 - Health Informatics Meets Informatics KW - eHealth KW - Education Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Pasteka, Richard A1 - Forjan, Mathias T1 - Actively breathing mechanical lung simulator development and preliminary measurements T2 - IFMBE,volume 65; EMBEC & NBC 2017 KW - Biomedical Engineering KW - mechanical lung-simulator Y1 - ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Pasteka, Richard A1 - Forjan, Mathias A1 - Drauschke, Andreas T1 - Comparison of Mathematical and Controlled Mechanical Lung Simulation in Active Breathing and Ventilated State T2 - Proceedings of the 15th IFAC Conference on Programmable Devices and Embedded Systems PDeS 2018 KW - Breathing Simulation KW - Mathematical Models KW - In-silico Models KW - Flow Measurement KW - Mechanical Simulation Y1 - ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Steiner, Theresa A1 - Forjan, Mathias A1 - Kopp, Tamara A1 - Bures, Zbynêk A1 - Drauschke, Andreas T1 - Enhancements of a mechanical lung simulator for ex vivo measuring of aerosol deposition in lungs T2 - Proceedings of the 46th annual conference of the German Society for Biomedical Engineering KW - Lung Simulator KW - Aerosol Y1 - 2018 SP - 838 EP - 841 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pasteka, Richard A1 - Schöllbauer, Lara Alina A1 - Santos da Costa, Joao Pedro A1 - Kolar, Radim A1 - Forjan, Mathias T1 - Experimental Evaluation of Dry Powder Inhalers During In- and Exhalation Using a Model of the Human Respiratory System (xPULM™) JF - Pharmaceutics N2 - Dry powder inhalers are used by a large number of patients worldwide to treat respiratory diseases. The objective of this work is to experimentally investigate changes in aerosol particle diameter and particle number concentration of pharmaceutical aerosols generated by four dry powder inhalers under realistic inhalation and exhalation conditions. To simulate patients undergoing inhalation therapy, the active respiratory system model (xPULM™) was used. A mechanical upper airway model was developed, manufactured, and introduced as a part of the xPULM™ to represent the human upper respiratory tract with high fidelity. Integration of optical aerosol spectrometry technique into the setup allowed for evaluation of pharmaceutical aerosols. The results show that there is a significant difference (p < 0.05) in mean particle diameter between inhaled and exhaled particles with the majority of the particles depositing in the lung, while particles with the size of (>0.5 μm) are least influenced by deposition mechanisms. The fraction of exhaled particles ranges from 2.13% (HandiHaler®) over 2.94% (BreezHaler®), and 6.22% (Turbohaler®) to 10.24% (Ellipta®). These values are comparable to previously published studies. Furthermore, the mechanical upper airway model increases the resistance of the overall system and acts as a filter for larger particles (>3 μm). In conclusion, the xPULM™ active respiratory system model is a viable option for studying interactions of pharmaceutical aerosols and the respiratory tract regarding applicable deposition mechanisms. The model strives to support the reduction of animal experimentation in aerosol research and provides an alternative to experiments with human subjects. KW - Biomedical Engineering KW - Dry powder inhaler resistance KW - optical aerosol spectrometry KW - mechanical upper airway model KW - inspiratory flow rate Y1 - 2022 VL - 2022 IS - 14/3 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pasteka, Richard A1 - Forjan, Mathias A1 - Sauermann, Stefan A1 - Drauschke, Andreas T1 - Electro-mechanical Lung Simulator Using Polymer and Organic Human Lung Equivalents for Realistic Breathing Simulation JF - Scientific Reports N2 - Simulation models in respiratory research are increasingly used for medical product development and testing, especially because in-vivo models are coupled with a high degree of complexity and ethical concerns. This work introduces a respiratory simulation system, which is bridging the gap between the complex, real anatomical environment and the safe, cost-effective simulation methods. The presented electro-mechanical lung simulator, xPULM, combines in-silico, ex-vivo and mechanical respiratory approaches by realistically replicating an actively breathing human lung. The reproducibility of sinusoidal breathing simulations with xPULM was verified for selected breathing frequencies (10–18 bpm) and tidal volumes (400–600 ml) physiologically occurring during human breathing at rest. Human lung anatomy was modelled using latex bags and primed porcine lungs. High reproducibility of flow and pressure characteristics was shown by evaluating breathing cycles (nTotal = 3273) with highest standard deviation |3σ| for both, simplified lung equivalents (μV˙ = 23.98 ± 1.04 l/min, μP = −0.78 ± 0.63 hPa) and primed porcine lungs (μV˙ = 18.87 ± 2.49 l/min, μP = −21.13 ± 1.47 hPa). The adaptability of the breathing simulation parameters, coupled with the use of porcine lungs salvaged from a slaughterhouse process, represents an advancement towards anatomically and physiologically realistic modelling of human respiration. KW - Breathing Simulation KW - Lung Simulator KW - Biomedical Engineering Y1 - 2020 VL - Vol 9 IS - No. 1 SP - Article number: 19778 ER -