TY - JOUR A1 - Kaniusas, Eugenijus A1 - Pfützner, Helmut A1 - Mehnen, Lars T1 - Optical tissue absorption sensor on the thorax: Possibilities and restrictions JF - International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics KW - Tissue Absorption KW - Sensor KW - Thorax Y1 - 2018 VL - 25 IS - 1-4 SP - 649 EP - 655 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wöber, Wilfried A1 - Mehnen, Lars A1 - Curto, Manuel A1 - Dias Tibihika, Papius A1 - Tesfaye, Genanaw A1 - Meimberg, Harald T1 - Investigating Shape Variation Using Generalized Procrustes Analysis and Machine Learning JF - Applied Sciences N2 - Abstract: The biological investigation of a population’s shape diversity using digital images is typi- cally reliant on geometrical morphometrics, which is an approach based on user-defined landmarks. In contrast to this traditional approach, the progress in deep learning has led to numerous applications ranging from specimen identification to object detection. Typically, these models tend to become black boxes, which limits the usage of recent deep learning models for biological applications. However, the progress in explainable artificial intelligence tries to overcome this limitation. This study compares the explanatory power of unsupervised machine learning models to traditional landmark-based approaches for population structure investigation. We apply convolutional autoencoders as well as Gaussian process latent variable models to two Nile tilapia datasets to investigate the latent structure using consensus clustering. The explanatory factors of the machine learning models were extracted and compared to generalized Procrustes analysis. Hypotheses based on the Bayes factor are formulated to test the unambiguity of population diversity unveiled by the machine learning models. The findings show that it is possible to obtain biologically meaningful results relying on unsupervised machine learning. Furthermore we show that the machine learning models unveil latent structures close to the true population clusters. We found that 80% of the true population clusters relying on the convolutional autoencoder are significantly different to the remaining clusters. Similarly, 60% of the true population clusters relying on the Gaussian process latent variable model are significantly different. We conclude that the machine learning models outperform generalized Procrustes analysis, where 16% of the population cluster was found to be significantly different. However, the applied machine learning models still have limited biological explainability. We recommend further in-depth investigations to unveil the explanatory factors in the used model. Keywords: generalized procrustes analysis; machine learning; convolutional autoencoder; Gaussian process latent variable models KW - generalized procrustes analysis KW - machine learning KW - convolutional autoencoder KW - Gaussian process latent variable models Y1 - VL - 2022 IS - 12(6), 3158 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kaniusas, Eugenijus A1 - Pfützner, Helmut A1 - Mehnen, Lars A1 - Kosel, Jürgen A1 - Meydan, Turgut A1 - Vazquez, Manuel A1 - Rohn, Michael A1 - Merlo, Alberto Maria A1 - Marquardt, Bernd T1 - Dynamic Measuring of Inductivity Changes by Adaptive Controlling and Lock-in Technique JF - Journal of Electrical Engineering KW - Adaptive Controlling KW - Dynamic Measuring Y1 - 2019 VL - 2004 IS - 55 / 10 SP - 49 EP - 52 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Kosel, Jürgen A1 - Mehnen, Lars A1 - Kaniusas, Eugenijus A1 - Pfützner, Helmut A1 - Meydan, Turgut A1 - Vazquez, Manuel A1 - Rohn, Michael A1 - Merlo, Alberto A1 - Marquardt, Bernd T1 - Non-Contact Signal Detection of Multifunctional Bilayer Sensors T2 - Eurosensors XVIII - Digest of Technical Papers KW - Signal Detection KW - Sensor Y1 - 2019 SP - 593 EP - 594 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pfützner, Helmut A1 - Kaniusas, Eugenijus A1 - Mehnen, Lars A1 - Meydan, Turgut A1 - Vazquez, Manuel A1 - Rohn, Michael A1 - Merlo, Alberto A1 - Marquardt, Bernd T1 - Magnetorestrictive bilayers for multi-functional sensor families JF - Sensors and Actuators A KW - Magnetism KW - Sensor Y1 - 2018 VL - 129 IS - 1 SP - 154 EP - 158 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Obergruber, Julian A1 - Mehnen, Lars T1 - Development of a paraglide control system for automatic pitch JF - Proceedings of the 11th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association (ISEA) 2016 KW - Control System Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Kaniusas, Eugenijus A1 - Pfützner, Helmut A1 - Mehnen, Lars A1 - Kosel, Jürgen A1 - Sedlak, Richard-Reinhold A1 - Zakarevicius, Linas A1 - Alonderis, Audrius A1 - Varoneckas, Giedrius A1 - Meydan, Turgut A1 - Vazquez, Manuel A1 - Rohn, Michael A1 - Seccardini, Riccardo A1 - Marquardt, Bernd T1 - Magnetostrictive bending sensor for registration of eye movements and blink T2 - Proceedings of 7th International Conference on Biomedical Engineering, Kaunas (Lithuania) KW - Eye Movement KW - Magnetics KW - Sensor Y1 - 2019 SP - 131 EP - 135 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Kaniusas, Eugenijus A1 - Pfützner, Helmut A1 - Mehnen, Lars A1 - Kosel, Jürgen T1 - Survey on the Biomedical Applicability of Magnetoelastic Bilayer Sensors T2 - Pranemisu tezes KW - Biomedicine KW - Magnetics KW - Sensor Y1 - 2019 SP - 36 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Kosel, Jürgen A1 - Mehnen, Lars A1 - Kaniusas, Eugenijus A1 - Tellez-Blanco, Juan C. A1 - Pfützner, Helmut A1 - Meydan, Turgut A1 - Vazquez, Manuel A1 - Rohn, Michael A1 - Malvicino, Carlo A1 - Marquardt, Bernd A1 - Svec, Peter A1 - Duhaj, Pavel T1 - Manufacturing of Magnetorestrictive Macro Bilayers T2 - Soft Magnetic Materials KW - Magnetism KW - Manufacturing Y1 - 2019 SN - 3-514-00711-x SP - 621 EP - 626 PB - Stahleisen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kaniusas, Eugenijus A1 - Mehnen, Lars A1 - Pfützner, Helmut T1 - Magnetostrictive amorphous bilayers and trilayers for thermal sensors JF - Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials KW - Magnetism KW - Sensor Y1 - IS - 254 - 255 SP - 624 EP - 626 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Obergruber, Julian A1 - Mehnen, Lars T1 - Development of a paraglide control system for automatic pitch stabilization to increase the passive safety KW - Paragliding KW - Safety Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wöber, Wilfried A1 - Curto, Manuel A1 - Tibihika, Papius D. A1 - Meulenboek, Paul A1 - Alemayehu, Esayas A1 - Mehnen, Lars A1 - Meimberg, Harald A1 - Sykacek, Peter T1 - Identifying geographically differentiated features of Ethopian Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) morphology with machine learning JF - PlosONE KW - Machine Learning Y1 - VL - 16 IS - 4 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Wöber, Wilfried A1 - Tibihika, Papius D A1 - Olaverri-Monreal, Cristina A1 - Mehnen, Lars A1 - Sykacek, Peter A1 - Meimberg, Harald T1 - Comparison of Unsupervised Learning Methods for Natural Image Processing T2 - Biodiversity Information Science and Standards KW - Machine Learning KW - Deep Learning KW - Image Processing Y1 - IS - 3 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Mehnen, Lars A1 - Pfützner, Helmut A1 - Kaniusas, Eugenijus A1 - Kosel, Jürgen A1 - Meydan, Turgut A1 - Vazquez, Manuel A1 - Rohn, Michael A1 - Merlo, Alberto A1 - Marquardt, Bernd T1 - Magnetostrictive bilayer sensors T2 - Proceedings of IEEE Sensors KW - Magnetism KW - Sensor Y1 - 2019 SN - 0-7803-8693-0 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Kaniusas, Eugenijus A1 - Pfützner, Helmut A1 - Mehnen, Lars A1 - Kosel, Jürgen A1 - Tellez-Blanco, Juan C. A1 - Mulasalihovic, Edin A1 - Meydan, Turgut A1 - Vazquez, Manuel A1 - Rohn, Michael A1 - Malvicino, Carloandrea A1 - Marquardt, Bernd T1 - Applicability of magnetostrictive amorphous trilayers for thermal sensors T2 - Soft Magnetic Materials 16 - Volume 2 KW - Magnetic KW - Sensor Y1 - PB - Verlag Stahleisen ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Kosel, Jürgen A1 - Mehnen, Lars A1 - Kaniusas, Eugenijus A1 - Pfützner, Helmut A1 - Meydan, Turgut A1 - Vazquez, Manuel A1 - Rohn, Michael A1 - Merlo, Alberto A1 - Marquardt, Bernd T1 - Theoretical investigation of magnetorestrictive bilayers sensitive to bending or temperature changes T2 - IEEE Sensors 2004 - Book of Abstracts KW - Magnetism KW - Sensor Y1 - 2019 SP - 227 EP - 228 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kaniusas, Eugenijus A1 - Pfützner, Helmut A1 - Mehnen, Lars A1 - Kosel, Jürgen A1 - Hasenzagl, Andreas T1 - Optimisation of Magnetostrictive Bilayer Sensors for Medical Applications JF - International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics KW - Magnetism KW - Medical Technology Y1 - 2018 VL - 28 IS - 1,2 SP - 193 EP - 199 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kaniusas, Eugenijus A1 - Pfützner, Helmut A1 - Mehnen, Lars A1 - Kosel, Jürgen A1 - Varoneckas, Giedrius A1 - Alonderis, Audrius A1 - Meydan, Turgut A1 - Vazquez, Manuel A1 - Rohn, Michael A1 - Merlo, Alberto A1 - Marquardt, Bernd T1 - Magnetoelastic bilayer concept for skin curvature sensor JF - Ultrasound KW - Magnetism KW - Skin Curvature KW - Sensor Y1 - 2019 VL - 52 IS - 3 SP - 42 EP - 46 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Kaniusas, Eugenijus A1 - Mehnen, Lars A1 - Pfützner, Helmut A1 - Saletu, Bernd T1 - Single Spot Registration of Oximetry, Heart Rate and Breathing for Comfortable Sleep Monitoring T2 - Schlafmedizin im dritten Jahrtausend KW - Sleep Monitoring Y1 - 2019 SP - 28 EP - 28 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kaniusas, Eugenijus A1 - Pfützner, Helmut A1 - Mehnen, Lars A1 - Kosel, Jürgen A1 - Tellez-Blanco, Juan C. A1 - Varoneckas, Giedrius A1 - Alonderis, Audrius A1 - Meydan, Turgut A1 - Vazquez, Manuel A1 - Rohn, Michael A1 - Merlo, Alberto A1 - Marquardt, Bernd T1 - Method for continuous non-disturbing monitoring of blood pressure by magnetoelastic skin curvature sensor and ECG JF - IEEE Sensors Journal KW - Blood Pressure KW - Magnetism KW - Sensor KW - Curvature Y1 - 2018 VL - 6 IS - 3 SP - 819 EP - 828 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Mehnen, Lars A1 - Kaniusas, Eugenijus A1 - Kosel, Jürgen A1 - Pfützner, Helmut A1 - Meydan, Turgut A1 - Vazquez, Manuel A1 - Rohn, Michael A1 - Merlo, Alberto A1 - Marquardt, Bernd T1 - Functional Electro Stimulation Monitoring by Bending Sensitive Magnetostrictive Bilayer Sensors T2 - Proceedings of Interdisciplinary Electromagnetic, Mechanic & Biomedical Problems (Vienna Magnetics Group Reports) KW - Magnetism KW - Sensor Y1 - 2018 SP - 356 EP - 357 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kaniusas, Eugenijus A1 - Pfützner, Helmut A1 - Mehnen, Lars A1 - Kosel, Jürgen A1 - Varoneckas, Giedrius A1 - Alonderis, Audrius A1 - Zakarevicius, Linas T1 - Cardiovascular Oscillations of the Carotid Artery Assessed by Magnetoelastic Skin Curvature Sensor JF - IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering KW - Artery KW - Oscillations KW - Medical Technology Y1 - 2018 VL - 55 IS - 1 SP - 369 EP - 372 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Wöber, Wilfried A1 - Szuegyi, Daniel A1 - Kubinger, Wilfried A1 - Mehnen, Lars T1 - A principal component analysis based object detection for thermal infra-red images T2 - Proceedings of the 55th International Symposium ELMAR KW - Principal Component Analysis KW - Object Detection KW - Infra-Red Camera Y1 - 2019 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Kosel, Jürgen A1 - Pfützner, Helmut A1 - Traxler, Stephan A1 - Kaniusas, Eugenijus A1 - Mehnen, Lars A1 - Meydan, Turgut A1 - Vazquez, Manuel A1 - Rohn, Michael A1 - Merlo, Alberto Maria A1 - Marquardt, Bernd T1 - Contactless detection of bending sensitive magnetostrictve bilayers utilizing higher harmonics T2 - Interdisciplinary Electromagnetic, Mechanic & Biomedical Problems KW - Magnetic KW - Biomedicine KW - Mechanic Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Kaniusas, Eugenijus A1 - Pfützner, Helmut A1 - Alonderis, Audrius A1 - Varoneckas, Giedrius A1 - Mehnen, Lars A1 - Kosel, Jürgen A1 - Meydan, Turgut A1 - Vazquez, Manuel A1 - Rohn, Michael A1 - Merlo, Alberto Maria A1 - Marquardt, Bernd T1 - Assessment of fetal movements by skin curvature sensors T2 - Proc. on 4 annual conference on the Institute for Psychophysiology and Rehabilitation, Palanga, Lithuania KW - Sensor Y1 - ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Krismanic, Georg A1 - Kitz, Emmerich A1 - Mehnen, Lars A1 - Leiss, Elisabeth A1 - Krell, Christian A1 - Pfützner, Helmut T1 - A Computerized Design for Exact Control of Two-Dimensional Induction Patterns T2 - Proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on 1&2-Dimensional Magnetic Measurement and Testing KW - Induction Patterns Y1 - 2019 SP - 89 EP - 96 PB - NW Verlag ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Hörzer, S. A1 - Fuchs, Christiane A1 - Gastinger, R. A1 - Sabo, Anton A1 - Mehnen, Lars A1 - Martinek, Johannes A1 - Reichel, Martin T1 - Simulation of spinning soccer ball trajectories influenced by altitude T2 - Procedia Engineering KW - Soccer Y1 - 2019 SP - 2461 EP - 2466 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Mehnen, Lars A1 - Pohn, Birgit A1 - Blaickner, Matthias A1 - Mandl, Thomas A1 - Dregely, Isabel T1 - Teaching & Learning Analytics for Data-Based Optimization of Teaching and Learning Processes in Courses with Blended Learning T2 - 2022 International Conference on Software, Telecommunications and Computer Networks (SoftCOM), 2022 N2 - Learning Management Systems (LMS), such as Moodle, enable the rapid progress of digitisation in teaching, which is no longer only taking place in the lecture hall, but increasingly “online” and asynchronously. New didactic concepts (blended learning, “flipped classroom”) consist of alternating self-learning and face-to-face phases, with the former taking place in the LMS, i.e. online. However, no analysis has yet been carried out as to how students act with the material in the self-learning phase, or the teachers are not provided with any information about the learning progress of the students during the self-learning phase. In this paper, concepts of learning and teaching analytics are presented to answer these questions and to integrate the measures derived from them into the teaching processes in a sustainable manner. KW - teaching analytics KW - learning analytics KW - learning management systems KW - artificial intelligence KW - Learning management systems Y1 - 2022 SN - 978-953-290-117-7 PB - IEEE ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Mehnen, Lars A1 - Rattay, Frank A1 - Slowik, Peter T1 - Building a satellite over the internet T2 - Proceedings of 2nd International Conference of Recent Advances in Space Technologies 2005 KW - Internet KW - Satellite KW - Outer Space Y1 - 2018 SP - 87 EP - 89 PB - IEEE ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Kaniusas, Eugenijus A1 - Mehnen, Lars A1 - Kosel, Jürgen A1 - Pfützner, Helmut A1 - Zakarevicius, Linas A1 - Alonderis, Audrius A1 - Varoneckas, Giedrius A1 - Meydan, Turgut A1 - Vazquez, Manuel A1 - Rohn, Michael A1 - Merlo, Alberto A1 - Marquardt, Bernd T1 - Working point optimisation of magnetoelastic bending sensor during long term monitoring T2 - Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Biomedical Engineering KW - Sensor KW - Bending Y1 - 2019 SP - 56 EP - 61 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pfützner, Helmut A1 - Eugenijus, Kaniusas A1 - Kosel, Jürgen A1 - Mehnen, Lars A1 - Meydan, Turgut A1 - Borza, Firuta A1 - Vazquez, Manuel A1 - Rohn, Michael A1 - Merlo, Alberto A1 - Marquardt, Bernd T1 - First magnetic material with sensitivity for the physical quantity 'curvature' JF - Journal of Material Processing Technology KW - Magnetism KW - Material Sensitivity KW - Curvature Y1 - 2018 VL - 181 IS - 1 SP - 186 EP - 189 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wöber, Wilfried A1 - Novotny, Georg A1 - Mehnen, Lars A1 - Olaverri-Monreal, Cristina T1 - Autonomous Vehicles: Vehicle Parameter Estimation Using Variational Bayes and Kinematics JF - Applied Sciences KW - Variational bayes KW - Vehicle parameter estimation KW - Probabilistic robotics Y1 - VL - 10 IS - 18 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Mehnen, Lars A1 - Pfützner, Helmut A1 - Krismanic, Georg A1 - Leiss, Elisabeth A1 - Krell, Christian T1 - 2D Magnetisation Control by Means of Evolutionary Algorithms T2 - Proceedings of 1 and 2-dimensional Measurement and Testing, Vienna (Austria) KW - Algorithm KW - Magnetism Y1 - 2019 SP - 122 EP - 130 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Traxler, Stefan A1 - Kosel, Jürgen A1 - Pfützner, Helmut A1 - Kaniusas, Eugenijus A1 - Mehnen, Lars A1 - Giouroudi, Ioanna T1 - Contactless flow detection with magnetostrictive bilayers JF - Sensors and Actuators A KW - Magnetism Y1 - 2018 VL - A 142 IS - 2 SP - 491 EP - 495 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mehnen, Lars A1 - Svec, Peter A1 - Pfützner, Helmut A1 - Duhaj, Pavel T1 - Displacement sensor based on an amorphous bilayer including a magnetostrictive component JF - Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials KW - Magnetism KW - Sensor Y1 - 2019 IS - 254-255 SP - 627 EP - 629 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Mehnen, Lars A1 - Svec, Peter A1 - Pfützner, Helmut A1 - Duhaj, Pavel T1 - Displacement sensor based on an amorphous bilayer T2 - Proceedings of the 15th Soft Magnetic Material Conference KW - Magnetics KW - Sensor Y1 - 2019 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Kaniusas, Eugenijus A1 - Pfützner, Helmut A1 - Mehnen, Lars A1 - Kosel, Jürgen A1 - Varoneckas, Giedrius A1 - Meydan, Turgut A1 - Vazquez, Manuel A1 - Rohn, Michael A1 - Merlo, Alberto A1 - Marquardt, Bernd T1 - Magnetoelastic Skin Curvature Sensor for Biomedical Applications T2 - Proceedings of Sensor 2004 KW - Magnetism KW - Skin Curvature KW - Sensor KW - Biomedicine Y1 - 2019 SN - 0-7803-8692-2 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Mehnen, Lars A1 - Slovik, Peter A1 - Rattay, Frank A1 - van't Klooster, Kees T1 - Reusability Study of a Meteosat Antenna for a Student MicroSatellite T2 - Proceedings of the 28th ESA Antenna Workshop on Space KW - Outer Space KW - Antenna KW - Satellite Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Pfützner, Helmut A1 - Kaniusas, Eugenijus A1 - Kosel, Jürgen A1 - Mehnen, Lars A1 - Meydan, Turgut A1 - Borza, Firuta A1 - Vazquez, Manuel A1 - Rohn, Michael A1 - Marquardt, Bernd T1 - First Magnetic Materials with Sensitivity for the Physical Quantity of 'Curvature' T2 - 4th Japanese Mediterranean Workshop on Applied Electromagnetic Engineering for Magnetic, Superconducting and Nano Materials KW - Magnetic KW - Materials Y1 - 2019 SP - 177 EP - 178 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kaniusas, Eugenijus A1 - Pfützner, Helmut A1 - Mehnen, Lars A1 - Kosel, Jürgen A1 - Tellez-Blanco, Juan C. A1 - Mulasalihovic, Edin A1 - Meydan, Turgut A1 - Vazquez, Manuel A1 - Rohn, Michael A1 - Malvicino, Carlo A1 - Marquardt, Bernd T1 - Optimisation of sensitivity and time constant of thermal sensors based on magnetoelastic amorphous bilayers JF - Journal of Alloys and Compounds KW - Thermal Sensors KW - Magnetism Y1 - 2019 IS - 369 SP - 198 EP - 201 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Kaniusas, Eugenijus A1 - Pfützner, Helmut A1 - Mehnen, Lars A1 - Kosel, Jürgen A1 - Tellez-Blanco, Juan C. T1 - Adaptive measurements of blood pressure changes using magnetic sensor and ECG T2 - Il-oji metine Konferencijy Pranesimu tezes KW - Blood Pressure KW - Magnetics KW - Sensor KW - Biomedicine Y1 - 2019 SP - 29 EP - 29 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Kaniusas, Eugenijus A1 - Pfützner, Helmut A1 - Mehnen, Lars A1 - Kosel, Jürgen A1 - Tellez-Blanco, Juan C. T1 - Biomedical Applicability of Magnetoelastic Bilayer Sensors T2 - Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium on Applied Electromagnetics & Mechanics KW - Magnetism KW - Biomedicine KW - Sensor Y1 - 2019 SP - 236 EP - 237 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Mehnen, Lars A1 - Kaniusas, Eugenijus T1 - The SSETI Knowledge Base System T2 - Proceedings of the AMSAT-UK 21st Annual Colloquium 2006 KW - Knowledge Base Y1 - 2018 SP - 61 EP - 62 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Mehnen, Lars A1 - Kaniusas, Eugenijus A1 - Pfützner, Helmut T1 - Magnetostrictive Skin Sensor for Apnea Detection T2 - Schlafmedizin im dritten Jahrtausend KW - Magnetics KW - Sensor Y1 - 2019 SP - 37 EP - 38 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Krell, Christian A1 - Mehnen, Lars A1 - Leiss, Elisabeth A1 - Pfützner, Helmut T1 - Rotational Single Sheet Testing on Samples of Arbitrary Size and Shape T2 - Proceedings of 1 and 2-dimensional Measurement and Testing, Vienna (Austria) KW - Testing Y1 - 2019 SP - 96 EP - 103 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wöber, Wilfried A1 - Mehnen, Lars A1 - Sykacek, Peter A1 - Meimberg, Harald T1 - Investigating Explanatory Factors of Machine Learning Models for Plant Classification JF - Plants N2 - Recent progress in machine learning and deep learning has enabled the implementation of plant and crop detection using systematic inspection of the leaf shapes and other morphological characters for identification systems for precision farming. However, the models used for this approach tend to become black-box models, in the sense that it is difficult to trace characters that are the base for the classification. The interpretability is therefore limited and the explanatory factors may not be based on reasonable visible characters. We investigate the explanatory factors of recent machine learning and deep learning models for plant classification tasks. Based on a Daucus carota and a Beta vulgaris image data set, we implement plant classification models and compare those models by their predictive performance as well as explainability. For comparison we implemented a feed forward convolutional neuronal network as a default model. To evaluate the performance, we trained an unsupervised Bayesian Gaussian process latent variable model as well as a convolutional autoencoder for feature extraction and rely on a support vector machine for classification. The explanatory factors of all models were extracted and analyzed. The experiments show, that feed forward convolutional neuronal networks (98.24% and 96.10% mean accuracy) outperforms the Bayesian Gaussian process latent variable pipeline (92.08% and 94.31% mean accuracy) as well as the convolutional autoenceoder pipeline (92.38% and 93.28% mean accuracy) based approaches in terms of classification accuracy, even though not significant for Beta vulgaris images. Additionally, we found that the neuronal network used biological uninterpretable image regions for the plant classification task. In contrast to that, the unsupervised learning models rely on explainable visual characters. We conclude that supervised convolutional neuronal networks must be used carefully to ensure biological interpretability. We recommend unsupervised machine learning, careful feature investigation, and statistical feature analysis for biological applications. View Full-Text Keywords: deep learning; machine learning; plant leaf morphometrics; explainable AI KW - deep learning KW - machine learning KW - plant leaf morphometrics KW - explainable AI Y1 - VL - 2021 IS - 10(12):2674 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Kaniusas, Eugenijus A1 - Pfützner, Helmut A1 - Mehnen, Lars A1 - Tellez-Blanco, Juan C. A1 - Kosel, Jürgen T1 - Kraujo Spaudimo Kitimo Matavimas Magnetiniu Sensoriumo T2 - Il-oji metine MU Psychofiziologijos ir reabilitacijos instituto Konferencioja - Pranemisu tezes KW - Magnetics KW - Sensor Y1 - 2019 SP - 29 EP - 29 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Krell, Christian A1 - Mehnen, Lars A1 - Kaniusas, Eugenijus A1 - Leiss, Elisabeth A1 - Pfützner, Helmut T1 - Effects of stress on permeability, losses and magnetostriction T2 - Proceedings of 1 and 2-dimensional Measurement and Testing, Vienna (Austria) KW - Material Stress KW - Magnetism Y1 - 2019 SP - 242 EP - 247 ER -