TY - CHAP A1 - Lackner, Maximilian A1 - Markl, Erich A1 - Aburaia, Mohamed T1 - Cybersecurity Management for (Industrial) Internet of Things: Challenges and Opportunities T2 - Journal of Information Technology & Software Engineering Keywords KW - Security Y1 - ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Peschak, Bernhard A1 - Wöber, Wilfried A1 - Otrebski, Richard A1 - Sulz, Clemens A1 - Thalhammer, J. T1 - Sensorfusion für landwirtschaftliche Applikationen T2 - Referate der 37. GIL-Jahrestagung: Digitale Transofmration - Wege in eine zukunftsfähige Landwirtschaft KW - Sensor KW - Agriculture Y1 - 2019 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Kriegler, Andreas A1 - Wöber, Wilfried A1 - Aburaia, Mohamed T1 - Artificial Neural Networks Based Place Categorization T2 - Digital Conversion on the Way to Industry 4.0 KW - Artificial Intelligence Y1 - SP - 201 EP - 209 PB - Springer Verlag ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stadler, Philipp A1 - Blöschl, Günter A1 - Vogl, Wolfgang A1 - Koschelnik, Juri A1 - Epp, Markus, A1 - Lackner, Maximilian A1 - Oismüller, Markus A1 - Kumpan, Monika A1 - Nemeth, Lukas, A1 - Strauss, Peter A1 - Sommer, Regina A1 - Ryzinska-Paier, Gabriela A1 - Farnleitner, Andras A1 - Zessner, Matthias T1 - Real-time monitoring of beta-D-glucuronidase activity in sediment laden streams: A comparison of prototypes JF - Real-time monitoring of beta-D-glucuronidase activity in sediment laden streams KW - Enzymes KW - Water quality Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Engelhardt-Nowitzki, Corinna A1 - Aburaia, Mohamed A1 - Otrebski, Richard A1 - Rauer, Johannes A1 - Orsolits, Horst T1 - Research-based teaching in Digital Manufacturing and Robotics – the Digital Factory at the UAS Technikum Wien as a Case Example JF - Procedia Manufacturing KW - Digital Factory KW - Virtual Reality KW - Robotics KW - Machine Learning Y1 - 2020 IS - Volume 45 SP - 164 EP - 170 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Felber, Stefan Otto A1 - Aburaia, Mohamed A1 - Wöber, Wilfried A1 - Lackner, Maximilian T1 - Parameter Optimization for the 3D Print of Thermo-Plastic Pellets with an Industrial Robot T2 - Digital Conversion on the Way to Industry 4.0 KW - Thermo Plastics KW - Industrial Robot Y1 - SP - 236 EP - 247 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rauer, Johannes A1 - Aburaia, Mohamed A1 - Wöber, Wilfried T1 - Semi-Automatic Generation of Training Data for Neural Networks for 6D Pose Estimation and Robotic Graspin JF - Proceedings of Joint Austrian Computer Vision and Robotics Workshop 2020 KW - Robotics KW - Neural Networks Y1 - 2020 SP - 2 EP - 3 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Abdank, Moritz A1 - Aburaia, Mohamed A1 - Wöber, Wilfried T1 - Using-Colour-Based Object Detection for Pick and Place Applications T2 - Proceedings of the 32nd International DAAAM Virtual Symposium 'Intelligent Manufacturing & Automation', 28-29th October 2021, Vienna KW - Computer Vision KW - Object Detection KW - ROS Y1 - VL - 32 IS - 1 SP - 0536 EP - 0541 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Wöber, Wilfried A1 - Aburaia, Ali A1 - Aburaia, Mohamed A1 - Kubinger, Wilfried A1 - Otrebski, Richard A1 - Engelhardt-Nowitzki, Corinna A1 - Markl, Erich T1 - Konferenz der Mechatronik-Plattform: Autonome mechatronische Systeme T2 - FH CAMPUS 02, 22. November 2018 Digital Manufacturing & Robotics im Department Industrial Engineering KW - Autonom KW - Mechatronic Y1 - 2020 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Bucher, Michael A1 - Aburaia, Mohamed A1 - Markl, Erich A1 - Engelhardt-Nowitzki, Corinna A1 - Lackner, Maximilian A1 - Gonzalez-Gutierrez, Joamin A1 - Lammer, Herfried T1 - Poster Symposium on ADDitive Manufacturing and Innovative Technologies T2 - Symposium on ADDitive Manufacturing and Innovative Technologies KW - Innovative Technologies KW - ADDitive KW - Manufacturing Y1 - 2020 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Engelhardt-Nowitzki, Corinna A1 - Aburaia, Mohamed A1 - Otrebski, Richard A1 - Rauer, Johannes A1 - Orsolits, Horst T1 - Research-based teaching in Digital Manufacturing and Robotics – the Digital Factory at the UAS Technikum Wien as a Case Example JF - Procedia Manuf KW - Teaching KW - Manufacturing KW - Digital Factory KW - Robotic Y1 - 2020 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Aburaia, Mohamed A1 - Lackner, Maximilian A1 - Bucher, Michael A1 - Gonzalez-Gutierrez, Joamin A1 - Zhang, Haiguang A1 - Lammer, Herfried T1 - A Production Method for Standardized Continuous Fiber Reinforced FFF Filament JF - A Production Method for Standardized Continuous Fiber Reinforced FFF Filament,” vol. 4, no. 1, p. 12, 2020 KW - Production KW - Fiber KW - FFF KW - Filament Y1 - 2020 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Werner, Jan A1 - Aburaia, Mohamed A1 - Raschendorfera, A A1 - Lackner, Maximilian T1 - MeshSlicer: A 3D-Printing software for printing 3D-models with a 6-axis industrial robot T2 - 14th CIRP, Gulf of Naples, Italy, 2020 KW - 3D KW - robot KW - Printing Y1 - 2020 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Rauer, Johannes A1 - Aburaia, Mohamed A1 - Wöber, Wilfried T1 - Semi-Automatic Generation of Training Data for Neural Networks for 6D Pose Estimation and Robotic Grasping T2 - Austrian Robotics Workshop 2020 KW - Semi-Automatic KW - Neural Network KW - Robotic KW - Grasping KW - 6D Y1 - 2020 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Aburaia, Mohamed A1 - Lackner, Maximilian T1 - Parameter Optimization for the 3D Print of Thermo-plastic Pellets with an Industrial Robot T2 - International Symposium for Production Research 2020, Turkey KW - 3D KW - Optimization KW - Print KW - Industrial KW - Robot Y1 - 2020 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Kainrath, Martin A1 - Aburaia, Mohamed A1 - Lackner, Maximilian T1 - Accuracy Improvement and Process Flow Adaption for Robot Machining T2 - International Symposium for Production Research 2020, Turkey KW - Robot KW - Machining KW - Improvement Y1 - 2020 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Kefer, Martin A1 - Wöber, Wilfried A1 - Szuegyi, Daniel A1 - Kubinger, Wilfried T1 - A Novel and Automated Circle Pattern Recognition Technique for Infra-Red Stero Camera Calibration T2 - Proceedings of the 10th IASTED International Conference on Signal Processing, Pattern Recognition and Applications KW - Pattern Recognition KW - Infra-Red Camera Y1 - 2019 SP - 404 EP - 410 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Kriegler, Andreas A1 - Wöber, Wilfried T1 - Vision-based Docking of a Mobile Robot T2 - Proceedings of the Joint Austrian Computer Vision and Robotics Workshop 2020 KW - Automation KW - Robotics Y1 - SP - 6 EP - 12 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Orsolits, Horst T1 - Virtual Engineering Applied in a Digital Learning Factory T2 - Perspectives in Industry Digitalization and Advanced Manufacturing in the Black Sea Region KW - Virtual Engineering Y1 - 2021 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Lackner, Maximilian T1 - Cyanobacteria as model organism for PHB production KW - Bacteria KW - PHB Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tomic, Dana Kathrin A1 - Drenjanac, Domagoj A1 - Lazendic, Goran A1 - Hörmann, Sandra A1 - Handler, Franz A1 - Wöber, Wilfried A1 - Aschauer, Christian A1 - Auer, Wolfgang T1 - Semantische Technologien für Produktionsprozessinnovationen in der Landwirtschaft JF - e&i Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik KW - Semantics KW - Agriculture KW - Production Process Y1 - 2019 VL - 131 IS - 7 SP - 223 EP - 229 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Dannereder, Florian A1 - Engelhardt-Nowitzki, Corinna A1 - Markl, Erich A1 - Lackner, Maximilian A1 - Pachschwöll, Paul Herwig A1 - Aburaia, Mohamed A1 - Shooman, Diane T1 - Development of a 3D-Printed Bionic Hand with Muscle- and Force Control KW - Robotics Y1 - ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Wöber, Wilfried A1 - Aburaia, Ali A1 - Aburaia, Mohamed A1 - Kubinger, Wilfried A1 - Otrebski, Richard A1 - Engelhardt-Nowitzki, Corinna A1 - Markl, Erich T1 - Digital Manufacturing & Robotics im Department Industrial Engineering T2 - KONFERENZ DER MECHATRONIK PLATTFORM: Autonome mechatronische Systeme KW - Digital Manufacturing KW - Robotics KW - Industrial Engineering Y1 - ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Grünbichler, Hannes A1 - Engelhardt-Nowitzki, Corinna A1 - Markl, Erich A1 - Lackner, Maximilian A1 - Kreith, Josef A1 - Bermejo Moratinos, Raúl A1 - Supancic, Peter A1 - Danzer, Robert T1 - Adaptation of a universal testing machine to characterise the material response of multi-layered piezoelectric actuators under fully coupled loading scenarios T2 - th International Conference on Smart Materials and Structures KW - Robotics Y1 - 2019 PB - Material Sci Eng 2018 (7) ER - TY - GEN A1 - Grünbichler, Hannes A1 - Engelhardt-Nowitzki, Corinna A1 - Markl, Erich A1 - Lackner, Maximilian A1 - Kreith, Josef A1 - Bermejo Moratinos, Raúl A1 - Supancic, Peter A1 - Danzer, Robert T1 - Adaptation of a universal testing machine to characterise the material response of multi-layered piezoelectric actuators under fully coupled loading scenarios KW - Robotics Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Rauh, Sebastian A1 - Orsolits, Horst T1 - Perspectives on Virtual Reality in Higher Education for Robotics and Related Engineering Disciplines T2 - Robotics in Education (International Conference on Robotics in Education) N2 - Industrial engineering education has a strong focus on and affinity towards technology. While Virtual Reality hardware and applications advance and learning behaviour changes, it is particularly interesting to determine the possible use of Virtual Reality for teaching engineering subjects, for example fundamentals of robotics. This paper presents a study which examines the possible use of Virtual Reality learning environments at higher learning institutions. The study shows perspectives of students and lecturers and identifies opportunities and challenges for the use of Virtual Reality in industrial engineering education. The results of the indicated study show that the participants have a positive attitude towards Virtual Reality and strong motivation for in class use. The study results also suggest, that Virtual Reality content creation should be included in engineering curricula. KW - Virtual reality KW - Industrial engineering education KW - User study KW - The state of virtual reality Y1 - SN - 978-3-031-12848-6 SP - 39 EP - 51 PB - Springer ER - TY - GEN A1 - Markl, Erich A1 - Orsolits, Horst A1 - Stojicic, Dario T1 - Virtuelle Technologien in der Robotik KW - Robotics Y1 - ER - TY - GEN A1 - Lackner, Maximilian A1 - Kamravamanesh, Donya A1 - Markl, Erich A1 - Engelhardt-Nowitzki, Corinna A1 - Herwig, Christoph T1 - Optimization of process parameters to enhance Polyhydroxyalkanoate accumulation in a unicellular cyanobacterium using multivariate experimental design approach KW - Bacteria Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Kamravamanesh, Donya A1 - Pflügl, Stefan A1 - Lackner, Maximilian A1 - Herwig, Christoph T1 - Photosynthetic poly-β-hydroxybutyrate accumulation in unicellular cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6714 KW - Bacteria Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Orsolits, Horst A1 - Korn, Alexander T1 - Augmented Reality basierte Robotik-Lehre N2 - Diese Arbeit beschreibt eine Augmented Reality (AR) Applikation für den Einsatz in der Hochschullehre zum Thema Industrierobotik. Ziel ist es, sowohl das Lehren als auch das Lernen grundlegender Robotik-Inhalte durch die Bereitstellung einer interaktiven Methode zur Vermittlung der Lehrinhalte für Studierende zu verbessern. Die Studierenden sind in der Lage, direkt mit dem virtuellen Modell eines Industrieroboters zu interagieren und so selbstgesteuert die Lerninhalte zu vertiefen. Diese interaktive Methode verbindet die Studierenden direkt mit den Lehrinhalten und fördert das selbsterforschende Lernen. Eine weitere Anwendungsmöglichkeit sieht die Kombination einer Lektorenversion der AR Experience mit der Studierendenversion vor. Der Lektor hat die Möglichkeit, das Modell in AR zu steuern bzw. zu verändern und die Studierenden können auf Ihren Mobilgeräten die Änderungen live in AR mitverfolgen, um so auch im Distance Learning eine Verbindung Lektor – Studierende – Inhalt zusätzlich zu Videokonferenz-Tools herzustellen. KW - Augmented Reality KW - Applikation KW - Robotik KW - Industrieroboter KW - Lehre Y1 - 2022 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Wöber, Wilfried A1 - Novotny, Georg A1 - Aburaia, Mohamed A1 - Otrebski, Richard A1 - Kubinger, Wilfried T1 - Estimating a Sparse Representation of Gaussian Processes Using Global Optimization and the Bayesian Information Criterion T2 - Austrian Robotics Workshop 2018 KW - Mobile Robotics KW - Localizations KW - Gaussian process KW - Robotics Y1 - ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Dannereder, Florian A1 - Engelhardt-Nowitzki, Corinna A1 - Markl, Erich A1 - Lackner, Maximilian A1 - Kreith, Josef A1 - Pachschwöll, Paul Herwig A1 - Aburaia, Mohamed A1 - Shooman, Diane T1 - Development of a 3D-Printed Bionic Hand with Muscle- and Force Control T2 - Proceedings of the Austrian Robotics Workshop 2018 KW - Robotics Y1 - ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Wöber, Wilfried A1 - Schulmeister, Klemens A1 - Aschauer, Christian A1 - Gronauer, Andreas A1 - Tomic, Dana Kathrin A1 - Fensel, Anna A1 - Riegler, Thomas A1 - Handler, Franz A1 - Hörmann, Sandra A1 - Otte, Marcel A1 - Auer, Wolfgang T1 - Adaptive Agricultural Processes via Open Interfaces and Linked Services T2 - Referate der 34. GIL-Jahrestagung - IT-Standards in der Agrar- und Ernährungswissenschaft KW - Adaption KW - Agriculture Y1 - 2019 SP - 157 EP - 160 ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Orsolits, Horst A1 - Lackner, Maximilian ED - Lackner, Maximilian ED - Orsolits, Horst T1 - Virtual Reality und Augmented Reality in der Digitalen Produktion KW - Virtual Reality KW - Production KW - Augmented Reality Y1 - SN - 978-3-658-29009-2 PB - Springer Gabler ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Gonzalez-Gutierrez, Joamin A1 - Treitler, Manuel A1 - Spoerk, Martin A1 - Arbeiter, Florian A1 - Schuschnigg, Stephan A1 - Lammer, Herfried A1 - Lackner, Maximilian A1 - Aburaia, Mohamed A1 - Poszvek, Günther A1 - Zhang, Haiguang A1 - Sapkota, Janak A1 - Holzer, Clemes T1 - Carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastics for material extrusion additive manufacturing T2 - Conference proceedings of 35th International Conference of the Polymer Processing Society N2 - In an effort to broaden the engineering applications of material extrusion based additive manufacturing (MEAM), new materials are being developed. Adding carbon-fibers (CF) has been one strategy to increase the mechanical performance of different thermoplastics. One challenge is to determine the amount of CF needed to increase the mechanical performance without affecting the “printability” of the compounds. In this paper, different amounts (10, 15, and 20 vol.%) of CF were added to recycled polypropylene (rPP) and polyamide 12 (PA12). A compatibilizer was used for rPP, but not for PA12. Filaments for MEAM were extruded from the different compounds and the viscosity as well as the tensile properties were measured and compared to the processed polymeric matrices. It was observed that the viscosities at the angular frequencies relevant for MEAM (100 to 200 rad/s) were not significantly different for rPP+CF compounds, but it was higher for PA12+CF compounds. As expected, the elongation at break significantly decreased with the addition of CF for all compounds. For the composites with an rPP matrix, the Young’s modulus and the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) continuously increased as the CF content increased to 20 vol.%. For PA12-based materials, the Young’s modulus and the UTS increased with CF content, but adding more than 15 vol.% did not further improve these values. Therefore, it was concluded that for PA12 the maximum amount of CF that should be added was 15 vol.%. Using scanning electron microscopy, it was observed that the CF were homogeneously dispersed in the rPP matrix, but not so well in the PA12 matrix, with fibers being more concentrated towards the rim of the filament. Finally, filaments of rPP, rPP+20CF, PA12 and PA12+15CF were used to print complex geometries by means of MEAM, and it was observed that CF helped to reduce the warpage compared to the unfilled filaments. A potential application of this phenomenon could be the reduction of the bed temperature to develop a more energy efficient MEAM process for semi-crystalline polymers. KW - Additive Manufacturing KW - Materials Y1 - ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Rauer, Johannes A1 - Wöber, Wilfried A1 - Aburaia, Mohamed T1 - An Autonomous Mobile Handling Robot Using Object Recognition T2 - Proceedings of ARW & OAGM Workshop 2019 KW - Mobile Robotics Y1 - 2020 N1 - https://workshops.aapr.at/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/ARW-OAGM19_06.pdf ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Wöber, Wilfried A1 - Aburaia, Ali A1 - Aburaia, Mohamed A1 - Kubinger, Wilfried A1 - Otrebski, Richard A1 - Engelhardt-Nowitzki, Corinna A1 - Markl, Erich T1 - Digital Manufacturing & Robotics im Department Industrial Engineering T2 - Konferenz der Mechatronik Plattform Autonome mechatronische Systeme N2 - Digitalisierung und Automatisierung in produzierender Industrie sind Schlagwörter heutiger Forschungsbarbeiten am Department Industrial Engineering der Fachhochschule Technikum Wien. Künstliche Intelligenz, vernetzte Sensorsysteme oder übergreifende Prozessplanung ermöglichen Optimierung hinsichtlich Produktionszeit oder Fertigung von individualisierten Produkten, was zur Losgröße 1 führt. In diesem Dokument werden Forschungstätigkeiten des Departments Industrial Engineering im Kontext Vernetzung, Servicerobotik sowie Industrierobotik zusammengefasst. KW - Industrial Engineering KW - Digital Manufacturing KW - Networking KW - Robotics Y1 - 2018 SP - 20 EP - 21 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Wöber, Wilfried A1 - Aburaia, Ali A1 - Kubinger, Wilfried A1 - Otrebski, Richard A1 - Engelhardt-Nowitzki, Corinna A1 - Markl, Erich A1 - Aburaia, Mohamed T1 - Digital Manufacturing & Robotics im Department Industrial Engineering KW - Industrial Engineering KW - Digital Manufacturing KW - Networking KW - Robotics Y1 - ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Aburaia, Mohamed A1 - Lackner, Maximilian A1 - Grünbichler, Hannes A1 - Engelhardt-Nowitzki, Corinna A1 - Markl, Erich A1 - Lammer, H. A1 - Zhang, Haiguang A1 - Wang, J. A1 - Sapotka, J. A1 - Janics, T. A1 - Hailberger, M. T1 - Freeform-FDM process development using natural fibre reinforced biopolymers T2 - 2nd International Conference on 3D Prinitng Technology and Innovation March 19-20, 2018 London, UK KW - Freeform Printing KW - Additive Manufacturing Y1 - ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Dannereder, Florian A1 - Pachschwöll, Paul A1 - Aburaia, Mohamed A1 - Markl, Erich A1 - Lackner, Maximilian A1 - Engelhardt-Nowitzki, Corinna A1 - Shooman, Diane T1 - Development of a 3D-printed Bionic Hand with Muscle- and Force Control T2 - Austrian Robotics Workshop 2018 KW - Robotics KW - Prosthetics KW - 3D-Printing Y1 - ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Tomic, Dana Kathrin A1 - Drenjanac, Domagoj A1 - Lazendic, Goran A1 - Hörmann, Sandra A1 - Handler, Franz A1 - Wöber, Wilfried A1 - Schulmeister, Klemens A1 - Otte, Marcel A1 - Auer, Wolfgang T1 - Semantic Services for Adaptive Processes in Livestock Farming T2 - International Conference of Agricultural Engineering (AgEng 2014) KW - Agriculture KW - Semantic Services KW - Adaption Y1 - 2019 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tomic, Dana Kathrin A1 - Drenjanac, Domagoj A1 - Lazendic, Goran A1 - Hörmann, Sandra A1 - Handler, Franz A1 - Wöber, Wilfried A1 - Aschauer, Christian A1 - Auer, Wolfgang T1 - Ontologies and semantic services for process optimization in agricultural production JF - e&i Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik KW - Semantics KW - Production Process KW - Innovation KW - Agriculture Y1 - 2019 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kamravamanesh, Donya A1 - Pflügl, Stefan A1 - Nischkauer, Winfried A1 - Limbeck, Andreas A1 - Lackner, Maximilian A1 - Herwig, Christoph T1 - Photosynthetic poly-β-hydroxybutyrate accumulation in unicellular cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6714 JF - AMB Express KW - Bacteria Y1 - 2018 VL - 143 IS - 7 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Kamravamanesh, Donya A1 - Pflügl, Stefan A1 - Lackner, Maximilian A1 - Herwig, Christoph T1 - Photosynthetic poly-β-hydroxybutyrate accumulation in unicellular cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6714 KW - Bacteria Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Lackner, Maximilian A1 - Grabow, Wilhelm A1 - Stadler, Philipp T1 - Handbook of Online and Near-real-time Methods in Microbiology KW - Microbiology Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Lackner, Maximilian T1 - PBAT - A versatile bioplastics KW - Bioplastics Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Orsolits, Horst A1 - Lackner, Maximilian T1 - Virtual Reality und Augmented Reality in der Digitalen Produktion KW - Virtual Reality Y1 - 2021 SN - 978-3-658-29008-5 PB - Gabler ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Lackner, Maximilian T1 - Chemical Engineering Vocabulary: Bilingual KW - Chemical Engineering KW - Language Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Spitzer-Sonnleitner, Birgit A1 - Kempe, Andre A1 - Lackner, Maximilian T1 - Influence of halide solutions on collagen networks - measurements of physical properties by atomic force microscopy (AFM) JF - Influence of halide solutions on collagen networks KW - Collagen Networks KW - Microscopy Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wöber, Wilfried A1 - Mehnen, Lars A1 - Curto, Manuel A1 - Dias Tibihika, Papius A1 - Tesfaye, Genanaw A1 - Meimberg, Harald T1 - Investigating Shape Variation Using Generalized Procrustes Analysis and Machine Learning JF - Applied Sciences N2 - Abstract: The biological investigation of a population’s shape diversity using digital images is typi- cally reliant on geometrical morphometrics, which is an approach based on user-defined landmarks. In contrast to this traditional approach, the progress in deep learning has led to numerous applications ranging from specimen identification to object detection. Typically, these models tend to become black boxes, which limits the usage of recent deep learning models for biological applications. However, the progress in explainable artificial intelligence tries to overcome this limitation. This study compares the explanatory power of unsupervised machine learning models to traditional landmark-based approaches for population structure investigation. We apply convolutional autoencoders as well as Gaussian process latent variable models to two Nile tilapia datasets to investigate the latent structure using consensus clustering. The explanatory factors of the machine learning models were extracted and compared to generalized Procrustes analysis. Hypotheses based on the Bayes factor are formulated to test the unambiguity of population diversity unveiled by the machine learning models. The findings show that it is possible to obtain biologically meaningful results relying on unsupervised machine learning. Furthermore we show that the machine learning models unveil latent structures close to the true population clusters. We found that 80% of the true population clusters relying on the convolutional autoencoder are significantly different to the remaining clusters. Similarly, 60% of the true population clusters relying on the Gaussian process latent variable model are significantly different. We conclude that the machine learning models outperform generalized Procrustes analysis, where 16% of the population cluster was found to be significantly different. However, the applied machine learning models still have limited biological explainability. We recommend further in-depth investigations to unveil the explanatory factors in the used model. Keywords: generalized procrustes analysis; machine learning; convolutional autoencoder; Gaussian process latent variable models KW - generalized procrustes analysis KW - machine learning KW - convolutional autoencoder KW - Gaussian process latent variable models Y1 - VL - 2022 IS - 12(6), 3158 ER -