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This review article summarizes the state of the art in energy efficiency (EE) management in air and rail cargo transportation. After an introduction, explanations and definitions follow around the topic of energy efficiency. The political framework conditions of the European Union (EU) as well as the associated European Union Emissions Trading System are described. In particular, the drive technologies, CO2 emissions, and fuel-saving options are reviewed.
Methodik zur Entwicklung sicherer kollaborativer Produktionssysteme im Rahmen von Industrie 4.0
(2019)
The energy crisis and environment deterioration are two major problems for the 21st century. Waste heat recovery offers many opportunities to make a global contribution to this challenge. Key concepts such as waste heat recovery are the basic ideas in thermoelectricity. A part of waste heat is produced by solid-fuel stoves. Nevertheless, the quantity of high-performance solid-fuel stoves is increasing very quickly for economic and environmental reasons. These sophisticated stoves need electricity for the pump for water circulation and the control system. Thermoelectric generators (TEG) could help with this issue. This work aims to present an experimental validation of integrating a thermoelectric generator into a solid-fuel stove. An economic comparison between the most common Bismuth Telluride (Bi2Te3) module and the newly developed half-Heusler modules is complete. An experimental set-up was built to optimize the common (Bi2Te3) modules and test the newly developed half-Heusler modules from an entire system point of view. An assessment of thermoelectric technology potential, module prices, further material developments and applications is completed. Based on the literature research and a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation software the first prototype was built. This set-up is composed of a thermal loop with a hot gas source, a cold fluid, a hot fin exchanger, and thermoelectric modules. The number and the place of these modules are changed to study different configurations. A specific maximum power point tracker DC/DC converter charging a battery is added in order to study the electrical power produced by the module. Different operating points of hot inlet gas airflow were tested for the Bismuth Telluride and half-Heusler modules. The Bismuth Telluride module was tested under real-life conditions using the exhaust of the solid-fuel stoves without influencing the combustion chamber.
Cyberphysical production systems are an important part of today’s manufacturing process. The ever-growing need of highly optimized,
i.e. at the same time flexible and ecient systems, requires the use of not only appropriate machines, but as well a
communication framework and data model that is manufacturer independent and scalable. This paper proposes a communicationframework
based on OPC UA that employs an agent-based architecture. The proposed system has been implemented and tested in
the Digital Factory of the UAS Technikum Wien. It shows promising behavior within distributed manufacturing systems.
Entrepreneurial Orientation in Design Thinking – A Chance for the Tourism & Hospitality Industry?
(2018)
In an effort to broaden the engineering applications of material extrusion based additive manufacturing (MEAM), new materials are being developed. Adding carbon-fibers (CF) has been one strategy to increase the mechanical performance of different thermoplastics. One challenge is to determine the amount of CF needed to increase the mechanical performance without affecting the “printability” of the compounds. In this paper, different amounts (10, 15, and 20 vol.%) of CF were added to recycled polypropylene (rPP) and polyamide 12 (PA12). A compatibilizer was used for rPP, but not for PA12. Filaments for MEAM were extruded from the different compounds and the viscosity as well as the tensile properties were measured and compared to the processed polymeric matrices. It was observed that the viscosities at the angular frequencies relevant for MEAM (100 to 200 rad/s) were not significantly different for rPP+CF compounds, but it was higher for PA12+CF compounds. As expected, the elongation at break significantly decreased with the addition of CF for all compounds. For the composites with an rPP matrix, the Young’s modulus and the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) continuously increased as the CF content increased to 20 vol.%. For PA12-based materials, the Young’s modulus and the UTS increased with CF content, but adding more than 15 vol.% did not further improve these values. Therefore, it was concluded that for PA12 the maximum amount of CF that should be added was 15 vol.%. Using scanning electron microscopy, it was observed that the CF were homogeneously dispersed in the rPP matrix, but not so well in the PA12 matrix, with fibers being more concentrated towards the rim of the filament. Finally, filaments of rPP, rPP+20CF, PA12 and PA12+15CF were used to print complex geometries by means of MEAM, and it was observed that CF helped to reduce the warpage compared to the unfilled filaments. A potential application of this phenomenon could be the reduction of the bed temperature to develop a more energy efficient MEAM process for semi-crystalline polymers.
Cyanobacteria, or blue-green algae, can be used as host to produce polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), which are promising bioplastic raw materials. The most important material thereof is polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), which can replace the commodity polymer polypropylene (PP) in many applications, yielding a bio-based, biodegradable alternative solution. The advantage from using cyanobacteria to make PHB over the standard fermentation processes, with sugar or other organic (waste)
materials as feedstock, is that the sustainability is better (compare first-generation biofuels with the feed vs. fuel debate), with CO2 being the only carbon source and sunlight being the sole energy source. In this review article, the state of the art of cyanobacterial PHB production and its outlook is discussed. Thirty-seven percent of
dry cell weight of PHB could be obtained in 2018, which is getting close to up to 78% of PHB dry cell weight in heterotrophic microorganisms in fermentation reactors. A good potential for cyanobacterial PHB is seen throughout the literature.
Automatic Stereo Camera Calibration in Real-World Environments without Defined Calibration Objects
(2018)