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Dry powder inhalers are used by a large number of patients worldwide to treat respiratory diseases. The objective of this work is to experimentally investigate changes in aerosol particle diameter and particle number concentration of pharmaceutical aerosols generated by four dry powder inhalers under realistic inhalation and exhalation conditions. To simulate patients undergoing inhalation therapy, the active respiratory system model (xPULM™) was used. A mechanical upper airway model was developed, manufactured, and introduced as a part of the xPULM™ to represent the human upper respiratory tract with high fidelity. Integration of optical aerosol spectrometry technique into the setup allowed for evaluation of pharmaceutical aerosols. The results show that there is a significant difference (p < 0.05) in mean particle diameter between inhaled and exhaled particles with the majority of the particles depositing in the lung, while particles with the size of (>0.5 μm) are least influenced by deposition mechanisms. The fraction of exhaled particles ranges from 2.13% (HandiHaler®) over 2.94% (BreezHaler®), and 6.22% (Turbohaler®) to 10.24% (Ellipta®). These values are comparable to previously published studies. Furthermore, the mechanical upper airway model increases the resistance of the overall system and acts as a filter for larger particles (>3 μm). In conclusion, the xPULM™ active respiratory system model is a viable option for studying interactions of pharmaceutical aerosols and the respiratory tract regarding applicable deposition mechanisms. The model strives to support the reduction of animal experimentation in aerosol research and provides an alternative to experiments with human subjects.
Ziel dieser Studie war das überlagerte Elektromyogramm (ueEMG) und das decompositionierte (dEMG) auf deren Reliabilität und Aussagekraft zu überprüfen. Hierfür vollzogen zehn gesunde männliche Probanden zu drei Testzeitpunkten isometrische Ermüdungsmessungen. Hintergrund Bei der Messung des ueEMG werden die Motor Units Aktionspotentiale (MUAPS) elektrisch überlagert. Physiologische Muskelermüdung zeigt sich hier unter anderem in der Veränderung des Frequenzspektrums und der Signalamplitude. Letzteres steigt bei Ermüdung an, wohingegen die mediane Frequenz (MF) sinkt. Eine weitere Möglichkeit die Muskelermüdung mittels Oberflächen-EMG zu ermitteln ist die Anwendung des dEMGs. Dieses ermöglicht mithilfe einer Mustererkennungssoftware einzelne MUAPS zu erkennen. Studien zeigten, dass aktive Motor Units (MU) bei wiederholten oder anhaltenden submaximalen Kontraktionen als Muskelermüdung ihre Feuerungsrate erhöhen und neue MU rekrutiert werden. Bisher wurden diese Methoden jeweils einzeln betrachtet. Um sicherzustellen welcher Ansatz für klinische Daten geeigneter ist, wurden Datensätze zu beiden Methoden gleichzeitig generiert und hinsichtlich ihrer Aussagekraft und Wiederholbarkeit mit statistischen Mitteln verglichen.
Engineering education courses look into processes, equipment and people in order to prepare students to tackle problems in their careers. In manufacturing industry, it is important to use virtual manufacturing tools to analyse processes. This includes both equipment and people. Assembly operations can involve human operators. Modular arrangements of predetermined time standards MODAPTS is a predetermined motion time system method used to analyse assembly processes. Augmented reality (AR) is increasingly being used for industrial processes as well as in education. AR application have been used for maintenance training as a useful way to overly digital instructions to a trainee whilst being able to look at a real object. This is potential beneficial for education. This paper presents the evaluation of a prototype to test a predetermined time standards model using an AR application. An evaluation was carried out comparing AR-based instructions in tablet and PC monitor and paper-written instructions. The results of evaluating the prototype encourage their use as an educational tool in engineering courses.
Entrepreneurs keep the economy and society going by implementing new ideas. Entrepreneurship competencies such as creativity, risk tolerance or perseverance do not only emerge in professional life, but are already developed in early phases of socialization. Entrepreneurship education with its strongly action-oriented teaching and learning formats plays a triggering and process-reinforcing role in this respect. However, the competencies acquired through entrepreneurship education are also increasingly important for successful action in dependent employment. This article first shows that the goals and means of Entrepreneurship Education harmonize with the high practical relevance of teaching required by the Austrian Universities of Applied Sciences Act. Against this background, a concrete example of implementation is used to illustrate how the curricular anchoring of a student project in an engineering course can promote not only the practical relevance of teaching, but also the teaching of entrepreneurial competencies and the transfer of innovation between the university and industry.
In this paper, using the quasilocal formalism of Brown and York, the flow of energy through a closed surface containing a gravitating physical system is calculated in a way that augments earlier results on the subject by Booth and Creighton. To this end, by performing a variation of the total gravitational Hamiltonian (bulk plus boundary part), it is shown that associated tidal heating and deformation effects generally are larger than expected. This is because the aforementioned variation leads to previously unrecognized correction terms, including a bulk-to-boundary inflow term that does not appear in the original calculation of the time derivative of the Brown-York energy and leads to corrective extensions of Einstein’s quadrupole formula in the large sphere limit.